Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is set to present her ninth budget on February 1, 2026 in Parliament. The budget is presented in the wake of the country’s key economic indicators-growth, inflation, and foreign exchange reserves-showing the unprecedented stability, giving the finance minister confidence and responsibility.
Growth
India’s economy has performed better than expected in the current financial year (FY 2026). Official’s estimates show that in the July-September quarter of FY26, the country’s real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 8.2 percent. For the first half of the financial year, covering April to September, the economy expanded by 8.0 per cent compared with the same period last year.
This growth has not been restricted to one sector, with services such as IT and finance, industrial activity including manufacturing, and agriculture taking part in the expansion, leading the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to raise the full-year growth forecast to 7.3 percent. The central bank has confirmed that the steady domestic demand, rising household consumption, and supportive government policies have paved the way for a robust growth.
Inflation
Retail inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), stayed unusually low throughout FY26. In November 2025, CPI inflation was recorded at just 0.71 per cent, far below the RBI’s medium-term target of 4 per cent. With this ,the RBI has slashed the whole year inflation target to around 2.0 per cent.
Experts point out that lower food prices and adjustments in goods and services tax (GST) rates have played a major role in keeping the prices under control. While underlying inflation shows some firmness, headline inflation remains comfortably low. This gives the government and the RBI more room to support growth without worrying about runaway prices.
Fiscal Deficit
However, the fiscal deficit has been a serious concern for the finance minister to take care of, as data from the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) shows that by October 2025, the deficit had already reached Rs. 8.25 lakh crore, which is 52.6 per cent of the annual target. The deficit target for FY26, set by the government, stand at 4.4 per cent of the GDP. In absolute terms, it is Rs. 15.69 lakh crore. Earlier figures showed the deficit at Rs. 5.73 lakh crore in September and Rs. 5.98 lakh crore in August. The widening gap is largely due to increased capital spending by the government.
However, Finance Minister Sitharaman has expressed confidence that the government will meet the 4.4 per cent target by March 2026 on the back of strong revenue collections and tighter control over spending.
Trade and External Sector Pressures
India’s trade deficit has also widened sharply. Between April and October 2025, the trade deficit touched 196.82 billion dollars with exports in October falling nearly 12 percent compared with the same month in the previous year and imports rising by more than 16 percent.
However, according to the experts, India’s foreign exchange reserves provide a cushion, as they rose by 4.36 billion dollars to reach 693.32 billion dollars in the week ending December 19, 2025. Strong reserves act as insurance against external shocks, such as sudden capital outflows or currency volatility.
Tax Collections
Tax revenues have continued to be robust, with gross GST collections in November standing at Rs. 1.70 lakh crore, which is 0.7 per cent higher than the same period last year. Net direct tax collections, which include income tax and corporate tax, rose 8 per cent to Rs. 17.05 lakh crore so far in FY26. These figures show that despite global uncertainties, domestic tax collections remain resilient, helping the government fund its spending commitments.
RBI’s Monetary Policy
Monetary policy, which refers to the RBI’s management of interest rates and liquidity, has also been supportive of growth. During 2025, the RBI cut the repo rate-the rate at which it lends money to commercial banks-by 125 basis points, bringing it down to 5.25 per cent.
With the inflation staying low, the RBI has indicated that interest rates may remain supportive for an extended period. Liquidity measures, which ensure that banks have enough funds to lend, are also expected to sustain credit growth into early 2026. This means businesses and households can borrow at lower costs, encouraging investment and consumption.
Experts’ View
Economists believe that the combination of strong growth, low inflation, and healthy reserves gives the government a rare opportunity to focus on long-term priorities in the upcoming budget. However, they caution that the widening trade deficit and the challenge of keeping the fiscal deficit within limits must be addressed carefully.
D.K. Srivastava, Chief Policy Advisor at EY India, in their Economy Watch report (December 2025), stated that the Union Budget 2026-27 is expected to reinforce growth by supporting strong domestic demand through targeted fiscal measures, complementing the RBI’s accommodative monetary stance. Srivastava noted that while income tax and GST reforms may lead to some revenue sacrifice, additional non-tax receipts and reduced revenue expenditure could help the government stay within its fiscal deficit target. He expects India to maintain a medium-term growth trajectory of around 6.5%, which could strengthen further if private investment picks up.
Some other experts suggest that the government may use the budget to balance growth-oriented spending with fiscal discipline. With tax collections showing resilience and inflation under control, there is scope for targeted investments in infrastructure, social welfare, and technology without risking financial stability.
The Union Budget 2026 is therefore expected to be shaped by this unusual mix of strong domestic fundamentals and external pressures. How the government manages this balance will determine whether India can sustain its growth momentum while keeping its finances healthy.
